Using ETFs to access alternative asset classes

​Which asset classes are not indexable; what proxies do they have that can be indexed; and why it can make sense to blend ETFs and Investment Trusts for creating an allocation to alternative asset classes

​In this series of articles, I look at some of the key topics explored in my book “How to Invest With Exchange Traded Funds” that also underpin the portfolio design work Elston does for discretionary managers and financial advisers.
 
Non-indexable asset classes
Whilst Equities, Bonds and Cash are readily indexable, there are also exposures that will remain non-indexable because they are:

• Illiquid in nature (inaccessible markets, for example infrastructure contracts (toll roads, power contracts, wind-farms, aircraft leasing, railway operating contracts))
• Require or reward subjective management and skill (“true active”, for example high conviction long only funds, or long/short hedge funds)
• Difficult to hold (for example commodities)

On the face of it, alternative assets seem less suitable to indexing: for example property, infrastructure, private equity, and hedge funds.

It is however possible to represent some of these alternative class exposures using liquid index proxies.  Index providers and ETF issuers have worked on creating a growing number of indices for specific exposures in the Liquid Alternative Asset space.

Some examples are set out below:

• For property as an asset class, exposure can be achieved via an index of listed property companies. This is a more liquid way to obtain exposure to that asset class than traditional property funds that own direct property, and means there is less liquidity risk (as we saw in 2016 Brexit and 2020 Covid market dislocations) compared to traditional open-ended property funds.  Unlike traditional funds, property ETFs saw no suspensions or gatings.
• For infrastructure, exposure can be achieved via an index of listed infrastructure equities, or a multi-asset infrastructure index that has both equities and bonds (reflecting infrastructure’s bond-like characteristics).
• For private equity, there are listed private equity firms which benefit from returns in that sector.
• For commodities, exposure can be achieved via diversified basket of commodities held via an exchange traded product that tracks a broad commodity index
• For gold, exposure can be either to gold-producers, or synthetic exposure to gold, or to a physical fund that tracks the gold price whose underlying holding is gold bullion.

These liquid index proxies for alternative assets have broadened the range of asset classes investable via ETPs.

​Alternative asset index proxies
Whilst these liquid proxies for those asset classes are helpful from a diversification perspective, it is important to note that they necessarily do not share all the same investment features, and therefore do not carry the same risks and rewards as the less liquid version of the asset classes they represent.

While ETFs for alternatives assets will not replicate holding the risk-return characteristics of that exposure directly, they provide a convenient form of accessing equities and/or bonds of companies that do have direct exposure to those characteristics.
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Using investment trusts for non-index allocations
Ironically, the investment vehicle most suited for non-indexable investments is the oldest “Exchange Traded” collective investment there is: the Investment Company (also known as a “closed-end fund” or “investment trust”).  The first UK exchange traded investment company was the Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust, established in 1868.
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Like ETFs, investment companies were originally established to bring the advantages of a pooled approach to the investor of “moderate means”.

For traditional fund exposures, e.g. UK Equities, Global Equities, our preference is for ETFs over actively managed Investment Trusts owing to the performance persistency issue that is prevalent for active (non-index) funds.  Furthermore, investment trusts have the added complexity of internal leverage and the external performance leverage created by the share price’s premium/discount to NAV – a problem that can become more intense during periods of market stress.
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However, for accessing hard-to-reach asset classes, Investment Trusts are superior to open-ended funds, as they are less vulnerable to ad hoc subscriptions and withdrawals.

The Association of Investment Company’s sector categorisations gives an idea of the non-indexable asset classes available using investment trusts: these include Hedge Funds, Venture Capital Trusts, Forestry & Timber, Renewable Energy, Insurance & Reinsurance Strategies, Private Equity, Direct Property, Infrastructure, and Leasing.

A blended approach
Investors wanting to construct portfolios accessing both indexable investments and non-indexable investments could consider constructing a portfolio with a core of lower cost ETFs for indexable investments and a satellite of higher cost specialist investment trusts providing access to their preferred non-indexable investments.  For investors, who like non-index investment strategies, this hybrid approach may offer the best of both world.

Summary
The areas of the investment opportunity set that will remain non-indexable, are (in our view) those that are hard to replicate as illiquid in nature (hard to access markets or parts of markets); and those that require or reward subjective management and skill.  Owing to the more illiquid nature of underlying non-indexable assets, these can be best accessed via a closed-ended investment trust that does not have the pressure of being an open-ended fund.
ETFs provide a convenient, diversified and cost-efficient way of accessing liquid alternative asset classes that are indexable and provide a proxy or exposure for that particular asset class.  Examples include property securities, infrastructure equities & bonds, listed private equity, commodities and gold.